This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher， whether the whole or part of the

　　material is concerned， specifically the rights of translation， reprinting， reuse of illustrations， recitation，

　　broadcasting， reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way， and transmission or information

　　storage and retrieval， electronic adaptation， computer software， or by similar or dissimilar methodology now

　　known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with

　　reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed

　　on a computer system， for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or

　　parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location， in its

　　current version， and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be

　　obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under

　　the respective Copyright Law.

　　ISBN-13 （pbk）： 978-1-4842-1372-8

　　ISBN-13 （electronic）： 978-1-4842-1371-1

　　Trademarked names， logos， and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with

　　every occurrence of a trademarked name， logo， or image we use the names， logos， and images only in an

　　editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner， with no intention of infringement of the trademark.

　　The use in this publication of trade names， trademarks， service marks， and similar terms， even if they are

　　not identified as such， is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to

　　proprietary rights.

　　While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication，

　　neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or

　　omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty， express or implied， with respect to the

　　material contained herein.