研究背景

錫基箔材負極具有容量高、成本低、加工容易等優(yōu)勢，是一種理想的高能量密度鋰離子電池負極材料。然而，錫箔負極面臨著循環(huán)過程中活性鋰損失多、活性材料/電解液之間副反應(yīng)嚴重以及電極電化學(xué)反應(yīng)不均勻等問題，導(dǎo)致了全電池實際能量密度低以及循環(huán)壽命差，限制了錫箔負極在鋰電池中應(yīng)用。

因此，亟需開發(fā)簡單有效的方法解決以上問題，并且開展其在實際全電池中的應(yīng)用研究。

成果簡介

近日，華中科技大學(xué)孫永明教授課題組在國際知名儲能期刊EnergyStorageMaterials上發(fā)表了題為“Heterogeneous Li-alloy interphase enabling Li compensation during cycling for highenergy density batteries”的研究論文。該論文提出通過在錫箔上構(gòu)建共形的異質(zhì)鋰合金界面（鋰化液態(tài)合金，Sn/Li-LA），可以有效避免電解液與活性鋰錫合金的直接接觸，抑制電極循環(huán)過程中電解液與活性物質(zhì)之間的副反應(yīng)。

同時，該異質(zhì)合金界面高的離子電導(dǎo)率可以促進界面離子傳輸，均勻化電化學(xué)反應(yīng)，能有效緩解電極破裂與粉化失效。更為重要的是，該異質(zhì)鋰合金界面具有略高于鋰錫合金的脫鋰電位，可以在電池長期循環(huán)過程中過電位增加時觸發(fā)鋰補償，延長全電池的循環(huán)壽命。

當(dāng)其與面載量為15.3 mg/cm2的三元（NCM622）正極組裝全電池時，電池的容量可達180mAh/g-1，230次循環(huán)容量保持率為96%。而使用純錫箔負極的對比電池在230次循環(huán)后容量僅為22mAh/g-1。

該工作揭示了箔材電極在高比能鋰電池中應(yīng)用的關(guān)鍵因素,即均勻化電化學(xué)反應(yīng)、界面副反應(yīng)抑制、界面離子傳輸及循環(huán)過程鋰補償，并提供了一種潛在實際可行的解決方案，為錫箔負極用于高比能鋰電池的研究提供了新的思路。

圖文解讀

Fig. 1(a) Schematic of the capacity retention-cycle number curves of full cells paired with pristine Sn foil, prelithiated Sn foil and Sn/Li-LA foil. (b) Design principle of heterogeneous Li-alloy interphase. Delithiation voltage of the Li-LA should be slightly higher than the active Li-Sn alloy. (c) The comparison of voltage-capacity curves of the NCM622||Sn/Li-LA at the 10thand 160thcycles. The insets showed Li compensation from Li-LA would be triggered once the overpotential after long-term cycling increased to ΔV in full cells.

Fig. 2(a) Schematic of the preparation processes of the Sn/Li-LA foil utilizing the chemical lithiation reaction between the metallic Li foil and LA coating layer. (b) Digital photos of the Sn and Sn/Li-LA foils. (c, d) Top-view and cross-section EPMA images and the corresponding Ga element mapping images of the Sn/Li-LA foil, respectively. (e) High-resolution Li 1s XPS results of the Sn/Li-LA and pristine Sn electrodes. (f) XRD patterns of the Sn (with 5wt% Sb doped) and the Sn/Li-LA foils (Sn: JCPDS#04-0673, SnSb: JCPDS#33-0118, and LiGa: JCPDS #09-0043).

要點：

1.異質(zhì)鋰合金界面具有略高于鋰錫合金的去鋰化電位，可以在全電池過電位增加時，觸發(fā)鋰補償。

2.均勻的異質(zhì)鋰合金界面可以有效分隔電極活性材料與電解液的直接接觸，抑制他們之間的副反應(yīng)。

3.異質(zhì)鋰合金界面主要成分為LiGa合金，其高的離子電導(dǎo)率能促進鋰離子在界面的快速傳輸。

Fig. 3(a, b) Nyquist plots of the Sn/Li-LA||Li and Sn||Li cells before cycling, respectively. (c) Open-circuit voltages of the Sn/Li-LA||Li and Sn||Li cells. (d) Delithiation capacity of the Sn/Li-LA foil by charging Sn/Li-LA||Li cell to 1.5 V (vs. Li/Li+) at the current density of 0.1 mA cm–2. (e, f) Schematic of the electrochemical behavior of the Sn/Li-LA foil in full cell during the charge /discharge processes. (g) Comparisons of the initial Coulombic efficiency of Sn/Li-LA and Sn electrodes in half and full cells. (h) Charge/discharge curves of the Cu/Li-LA||Li cell for the 1st, 5th and 50thcycles.

Fig. 4(a, b) Schematic of the structural evolutions of the Sn/Li-LA and Sn electrodes over lithiation/delithiation cycling. (c, d) Cross-section SEM images of the Sn/Li-LA and Sn electrodes after the initial lithiation at 1 mA cm–2for 3 hours, respectively. (e, f) Cross-section SEM images of the Sn/Li-LA and Sn electrodes after 50 cycles, respectively. (g, h) Cross-section SEM and top-view images of the Sn/Li-LA electrode after 250 cycles, respectively. (i, j) Cross-section SEM and top-view SEM images of the pristine Sn electrode after 250 cycles. (k, l) Voltage-capacity curves of the Sn/Li-LA and Sn electrodes at the 50th, 100thand 250thcycles, respectively. (m) Nyquist plots of the Sn/Li-LA||Li and Sn||Li cells after 100 cycles.

要點：

1.異質(zhì)鋰合金界面抑制了初始循環(huán)過程中電極界面副反應(yīng)，減少了首次活性鋰損失，與純錫箔負極相比，首次庫倫效率得到了大幅度提升。

2.LiGa合金界面高的離子電導(dǎo)性可以有效均勻化電極的電化學(xué)反應(yīng)，抑制電極的粉化，使Sn/Li-LA電極在循環(huán)過程中保持了良好的結(jié)構(gòu)完整性和穩(wěn)定性。

3.Sn/Li-LA電極充放電曲線在長循環(huán)過程中保持高度重合，進一步表明了其在循環(huán)過程中能夠保持電化學(xué)反應(yīng)均勻性與電極結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性。

Fig. 5(a) Coulombic efficiency-cycle number plots of the Sn/Li-LA||Li and Sn||Li cells. (b)Electrochemical performance of NCM622||Sn/Li-LA and NCM622||Sn cells. (c) Average Coulombic efficiency of the Sn/Li-LA and Sn electrodes in half cell corresponding to (a) and full cell corresponding to (b), respectively. (d, e) Charge/discharge curves of NCM622||Sn/Li-LA and NCM622||Sn cells at the 20th, 50thand 100thcycles. (f) Electrochemical cycling of NCM622||Sn/Li-LA full cell using dual-salt electrolyte. The Sn/Li-LA electrode was exposed in ambient condition with the relative humidity of 81% for 24 hours before use. (g) The digital photo of the temperature and humidity indicator to show the test conditions and the corresponding digital photos of the electrodes before and after exposure.

要點：

1.在使用半電池和全電池進行長循環(huán)測試中，Sn/Li-LA電極比純錫電極展現(xiàn)出了更高的循環(huán)過程庫倫效率。

2.Sn/Li-LA負極搭配高載量NCM622（15.2 mg/cm2）正極組成的電池可以實現(xiàn)230次穩(wěn)定循環(huán)，其可逆容量相較NCM622||Sn電池顯著增加。

3.Sn/Li-LA負極具有極好的空氣穩(wěn)定性，在大于80%的相對濕度下暴露24小時后仍能實現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定電化學(xué)充放電循環(huán)。

審核編輯：劉清